Most of the man-made objects are having some straight lines with colors. A very high-speed object recognition method using color straight line patterns is carried out using a novel self-learning device (RKD - Rasiq Krishnakumar Device). Instead of that Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), RKD based networks are used for different steps in this pattern classification. The color and straight-line features are extracted by using high-speed color segmentation and fast efficient straight-line segment extraction methods using the RKD based systems. The training and the testing algorithms of the pattern classification are using RKD-based processing. The fast color features extraction method uses an array of RKD-based devices and the fast efficient straight-line segment extraction method employs an array of processing elements and a main control unit. Some fusion devices are used for a straight line with colors features. The area of interest and the area of line segments of a particular object are other features for improving the accuracy of object classification.

Introduction: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare working length (WL) changes after straight-line access (SLA) and different coronal flaring (CF) methods.Materials and Methods: Coronal access preparations were made (without SLA) in molar teeth to allow access to 120 canal orifices with a hand file. The suitable cusp and root tips were then flattened to facilitate reproducible and accurate measurements. WL was determined before and after SLA and after different methods of CF. These methods consisted of: stainless-steel (SS) hand files + NiTi hand files, SS hand files + Gates Glidden burs (GG) (#1 to #3), (#3 to #1), GG in step-back manner and crown-down manner without using SS hand files and NiTi rotary orifice shapers. Data was analyzed by paired T-test and coefficient of variance. Results: The mean difference in WL changes after SLA was statistically greater than other methods of CF (P<0.001). The mean difference of WL after CF, in SS hand files + GG (#3 to #1) group was significantly different with SS hand files + NiTi hand files group (P<0.004) and NiTi rotary group (P<0.04). Also the mean changes of WL in SS hand files + NiTi hand files group was significantly different with GG (#1 to #3) group (P<0.01).Conclusion: It is better to established working length after SLA. Least changes in WL was occurred with NiTi rotary orifice shapers after coronal flaring.

Among the municipal and industrial wastewater treatment processes, the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) technology has attracted much attention due to its ability to remove organic matter, nutrients, and some resistant compounds. In this study, technical performance and economic evaluation of a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Tehran, Iran, with the extended aeration activated sludge (EAAS) technology and its comparison with the MBBR technology were evaluated by process simulation using CapdetWorks software. The simulation results showed that the characteristics of the effluents from the wastewater treatment plant are in accordance with the FAO and Iranian Environmental Organization standards for green space irrigation. Also, economic analyses indicated that the total project cost of a wastewater treatment plant utilizing MBBR technology is approximately 14% less than that of EAAS technology, which could be due to the significant reduction in the volume of the moving bed biofilm reactor (649.2 m3) compared to the EAAS reactor (4148.1 m3). The results also indicated that the operating, maintenance, and chemical costs required in the MBBR method are 9.2, 16.4, and 18.3% lower, respectively, compared to the EAAS technology, whereas the amount of energy consumed in both technologies is almost the same. The effect of the media fill fraction (biofilm carrier) on the total project cost in the MBBR technology was also investigated. The results revealed that by increasing the media fill fraction from 30% to 70%, the total project cost decreases from $9.37 to $9.16 million, highlighting the significant role of the media fill fraction in the economic costs and performance of biofilm reactors.

Positioning on Earth has consistently been a crucial and complex challenge. Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) serve as essential tools for determining the position of moving platforms but face two primary limitations: the accumulation of navigation errors over time and the dependence on accurate initial conditions. While GNSS satellites have revolutionized positioning on and near Earth, their effectiveness diminishes with distance from the planet, necessitating alternative methods. In such cases, celestial observation and star-based positioning become vital solutions. Star trackers—high-precision sensors capable of identifying and locating celestial star patterns—play a pivotal role in this context. When integrated with inclinometers and chronometers, they form a positioning system capable of calculating geographic latitude and longitude through sensor data processing. This study investigates the underlying mathematics of this approach, models various error sources (including star tracker accuracy, inclinometer and chronometer precision, sensor alignment, and gravitational modeling), and analytically evaluates their impact on positioning accuracy. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing system configurations and error budgeting in the design of advanced positioning systems

Spur dikes are used for preventing river banks’ erosions. Spur dike causes variations in flow field, sediment transport and bed topography.In this paper the topography of bed and flow pattern around of submergesT shape spur dike in direct channel was assessed. Experiments were conducted in rectangular flume having 0.6 m width, 0.7 m height. The variations of parameters like the length of the spur dike and its wing, depth of submergeand Froude number on dimensions of scour around T shaped spur dike and the bed’s topography were studied. The results show that by increasing the Froude number and length of spur dike the amount of scour increases. Also with increasing the depth of submergence in a limited area, at first amount of scour and extension dune, increases and then decreases. Analysis of results relevant toscour pattern in cross and longitudinal sections, and different plans are among other points introduced in this paper.

Disk plows are one of the most important tillage tools. Two way (reversible) disk plows can perform continues plowing. So they can save time and costs and hence improve overall efficiency. In this study, a “two-way” disk plow was designed based on a λ-formed straight-line, four-bar linkage (Daniel mechanism). This design contains disk and rear wheel reversing mechanism, stabilization mechanism of the plow, a disk angle adjustment tool and transport condition for safe operation of the mechanism. Disk reversing mechanism was designed based on a geometrical analysis considering working condition of the disk plow. The suitable displacement of the plow’s frame was achieved by dimensional analysis of Daniel mechanism and a derived mathematical equation. The rear wheel mechanism was made by means of adding a slotted link to the previous four-bar linkage. The synthesized five-bar linkage was then analyzed for its kinematical and force conditions. For each analysis, related diagrams were plotted and discussed. This innovation has the advantages of low production cost and maintenance as well as easy operation, because of its design simplicity with minimum mechanical auxiliaries. The modeling and analysis was done by the aid of CATIA software.

Solar Supercapacitors are electric storage systems that can be charged simultaneously by sunlight and an external current source. In this work, Titanium dioxide Nanotubes doped with tungsten were synthesized using a simultaneous Anodizing method. To enhance the conductivity and photoelectrochemical behavior of the synthesized electrode, Selenium Nanoparticles were electrochemically plated onto the electrode using cyclic voltammetry through various cycles. The electrochemical behavior of the synthesized photoelectrodes was studied in the presence of light and darkness using Cyclic voltammetry and Chronopotentiometry.The results showed that 30 cycles of electroplating exhibited better performance compared to other electrodes, achieving capacitances of 600 and 400 mF.cm-2 under light and dark conditions, respectively, while retaining 93% of its initial capacity after 4000 cycles. Finally, the surface morphology and structure of the electrodes were analyzed using Fe-SEM, XRD and Contact angle techniques.

This study investigates spatio-temporal changes in divorce among child spouses at the county level in Iran. This research is quantitative, using a documentary study design with a secondary analysis approach. The statistical population included all counties in Iran, and data were analyzed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with spatial analysis functions and statistics. Furthermore, the Space Time Cube method in GIS was applied to predict the percentage of divorce among child spouses in 2025. The results indicated that from 2016 to 2021, the average divorce rate among child-married boys was significantly lower than among girls. Over this period, the child divorce index decreased from 7.7 to 5.6 for girls and from 0.25 to 0.16 for boys. The spatial distribution of child marriage among boys exhibited a random pattern nationwide, decreasing from extensive areas across the country at the beginning of the period to a few limited and scattered centers by 2021. In contrast, the spatial distribution of child marriage among girls exhibited a clustered pattern, with the most significant clusters found in the western and central provinces of the country, revealing a decreasing trend but with relative concentration. Projection for 2025 indicate that both divorce indices will continue to decline.

Fertility is an important source of social status for both women and men in various societies. Beyond being a biological issue, fertility serves as a social and cultural symbol in many communities, where the ability to bear children often viewed as a marker of competence and social legitimacy. When couples experience infertility, the family may lose a crucial function, leading to declining satisfaction among its members. This study aimed to examine the relationship between socio-economic factors and attitudes toward surrogacy among married women and men in Shiraz. To achieve this, a survey was carried out with 400 married individuals aged 18 to 49 in Shiraz. Participants were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling in urban areas. The results revealed significant associations between attitudes toward surrogacy and factors such as infertility experience, ethnicity, occupation, social class, marriage duration, number of children, education, income, and cultural capital. Among these variables, cultural capital emerged as the strongest predictor of attitudes toward surrogacy. In conclusion, it is important to increase awareness of surrogacy and develop legal and social frameworks to support its integration into population and health policies.